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When a CO₂ (carbon dioxide) fire extinguisher is used, one of the key mechanisms for suppressing a fire is the absorption of heat from the fire. Here's a more detailed explanation of how the heat absorption process occurs:
Discharge of CO₂:
Upon activation, a CO₂ fire extinguisher releases a high-pressure stream of carbon dioxide gas.
This gas is stored in the extinguisher in a liquid state under high pressure. When released, it rapidly expands into a gas, creating a cooling effect.
Phase Change and Cooling:
The expansion of CO₂ from a liquid to a gas involves a phase change that requires absorbing heat from the surroundings, including the fire.
The CO₂ gas absorbs thermal energy from its surroundings during this phase change process, leading to a rapid drop in temperature.
Heat Absorption from Flames and Surroundings:
As the CO₂ gas is directed towards the fire, it actively absorbs heat from the flames and the surfaces of the burning material.
The heat absorption occurs due to the temperature difference between the cold CO₂ gas and the hot flames.
Reduction in Temperature:
The absorbed heat causes a reduction in the temperature of the burning material and the surrounding environment.
Lowering the temperature is crucial for fire suppression because it interrupts the combustion process. Heat is one of the elements of the fire triangle (fuel, oxygen, and heat), and by absorbing heat, the CO₂ fire extinguisher helps break the chain reaction required for the fire to continue burning.
Dual Mechanism with Oxygen Displacement:
The heat absorption process works in tandem with the suffocation effect (oxygen displacement) provided by the CO₂ gas. Together, these mechanisms effectively combat the fire by reducing the availability of oxygen and lowering the temperature.
The combination of these effects makes CO₂ fire extinguishers suitable for certain types of fires, such as flammable liquid (Class B) and electrical (Class C) fires. It's important to note that CO₂ fire extinguishers do not leave a residue, making them a preferred choice for applications where clean-up and potential damage are concerns, such as in areas with sensitive electronic equipment.
